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References to Fluoridation References

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    1. British Fluoridation Society. Optimal water fluoridation: status worldwide. Liverpool; May 1998.

    2. American Dental Association, Survey Center, 1998 Consumers' opinions regarding community water fluoridation.  Chicago; June 1998.

    3. American Dental Association.  Resolution 5H-1997. In: ADA Transactions 1997. Chicago: American Dental Association; 1998:673.

    4. Dean HT, Endemic fluorosis and its relation to dental caries. Public Health Reports 1938;53(33):1443-52.

    5. Dean HT, Arnold FA, Elvove E. Domestic water and dental caries.  Public Health Reports 1942;57(32):1155-79.

    6. American Dental Association. Fluoride and oral health: a story of achievements and challenges.  J Am Dent Assoc. 1989;118:529-40.

    7. Scott DB.  The dawn of a new era.  J Public Health Dent 199

    6;56(5 Spec No):235-8.    | top of page |

    8. US Department of Health and Human Services.  Healthy People 2010 Objectives: Draft for public comment. (Oral Health Section) Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office; September 15, 1998.

    9. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  For a healthy nation: returns on investment in public health. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; August 1994.

    10.  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.  Surgeon General statement on community water fluoridation. Washington, DC; December 14, 1995.   | top of page |

    11.  Horowitz HS.  The effectiveness of community water fluoridation in the United States. J Public Health Dent 1996;56(5 Spec No):253-8.

    12.  American Dental Association, Council on Access Prevention and Interprofessional Relations.  Caries diagnosis and risk assessment: a review of preventive strategies and management.  J Am Dent Assoc 1995;126(Suppl).

    13.  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of Oral Health. Fluoridation fact sheet. No. FL-141.  Atlanta; December 1993.

    14.  Safe Drinking Water Committee, National Research Council. Drinking water and health. National Academy of Sciences.  Washington, DC; 1977.

    15.  Largent E.  The supply of fluorine to man: 1. Introduction.  In: Fluorides and human health. World Health Organization Monograph Series No. 59. Geneva;1970:17-8.

    16.  Levy SM, Kiritsy MC, Warren JJ. Sources of fluoride intake in children.  J. Public Health Dent 1995;55(1):39-52.   | top of page |

    17.  Newbrun E. Fluorides and dental caries, 3rd ed. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, publisher; 1986.

    18.  Lambrou D, Larsen MJ, Fejerskov O, Tachos B. The effect of fluoride in saliva on remineralization of dental enamel in humans. Caries Res 1981;15:341-5.

    19.  Mellberg JR, Ripa LW. Fluoride in preventive dentistry: theory and clinical applications.  Chicago: Quintessence;1983:41-80.

    20.  DePaola PF, Kashket S. Prevention of dental caries. In: Fluorides, effects on vegetation, animals and humans.  Schupe JL, Peterson HB, Leone NC, eds.  Salt Lake City: Paragon Press;1983:199-211.

    21.  Backer-Dirks O, Kunzel W, Carlos JP.  Caries-preventive water fluoridation. In: Progress in caries prevention. Ericsson Y, ed.  Caries Res 1978;12(Suppl 1):7-14.

    22.  Silverstone LM. Remineralization and enamel caries: new concepts.  Dental Update 1993; May:261-73.   | top of page |

    23.  Featherstone JD.  The mechanism of dental decay.  Nutrition Today 1987; May-Jun:10-6.

    24.  Fejerskov O, Thylstrup A, Larsen MJ.  Rational use of fluorides in caries prevention. Acta Odontol Scan 1981;39:241-9.

    25.  Silverstone LM, Wefel JS, Zimmerman BF, Clarkson BH, Featherstone MJ. Remineralization of natural and artificial lesions in human dental enamel in vitro.  Caries Res 1981;15:138-57.

    26.  Hargreaves JA.  The level and timing of systemic exposure to fluoride with respect to caries resistance.  J Dent Res 1992;71(5):1244-8.

    27.  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Dental Disease Prevention Activity. Water fluoridation: a manual for engineers and technicians.  Atlanta; September 1986.

    28.  Horowitz HS.  American Journal of Public Health 1997;87(7):1235-6.  Letter to the editor.   | top of page |

    29.  Brown HK, Poplove M.  The Brantford-Samia-Stratford fluoridation caries study: final survey, 1963. Med Serv J can 1965;21(7):450-6.

    30.  Murray JJ.  Efficacy of preventive agents for dental caries.  Caries Res 1993;27(Suppl 1):2-8

    31.  Newbrun E. Effectiveness of water fluoridation.   J Public Health Dent 1989;49(5):279-89.

    32.  Ripa LW.  A half-century of community water fluoridation in the United States: review and commentary. J Public Health Dent 1993;53(1):17-44.

    33.  Evans DJ, Rugg-Gunn AJ, Tabari ED, Butler T.  The effect of fluoridation and social class on caries experience in 5-year-old Newcastle children in 1994 compared with results over the previous 18 years.  Comm Dent Health 1996;13:5-10.

    34.  Spencer AJ, Slade GD, Davies M. Water fluoridation in Australia. Comm Dent Health 1996;13(Suppl 2):27-37.

    35.  Pollick H, Kipnis P.  The effect of fluoride concentration of water supplies on caries experience in California children attending preschools and grades K-3 (Abstract no. 2197).  Abstract presented at the 1997 Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association.   | top of page |

    36.  Selwitz RH, Nowjack-Raymer RE, Kingman A, Driscoll WS.  Dental caries and dental fluorosis among school children who were lifelong residents of communities having either low or optimal levels of fluoride in drinking water.  J Public Health Dent 1998;58(1):28-35.

    37.  Arnold FA Jr., Likins RC, Russell AL, Scott DB. Fifteenth year of the Grand Rapids fluoridation study. J Am Dent Assoc 1962;65:780-5. 

    38.  Ast DB, Fitzgerald B. Effectiveness of water fluoridation. J Am Dent Assoc 1962;65:581-7.

    39.  Blayney JR, Hill IN.  Fluorine and dental caries: findings by age group.  J Am Dent Assoc 1967 (Spec Iss);74(2):246-52.

    40.  Jackson D, James PM, Thoms FD.  Fluoridation in Anglesey 1983: a clinical study of dental caries.  Br Dent J 1985;158(2):45-9.   | top of page |

    41.  Jackson D.  Has the decline of dental caries in English children made water fluoridation both unnecessary and uneconomic?  Br Dent J 1987;162(5):170-3.

    42.  Jones CM, Taylor GO, Whittle JG, Evans D, Trotter DP. Water fluoridation, tooth decay in 5 year olds, and social deprivation measured by the Jarman score: analysis of data from british dental surveys. BMJ 1997;315:514-7.

    43.  Selected findings and recommendations from the California oral health needs assessment of children, 1993-94. The oral health of California's children: a neglected epidemic.  San Rafael, CA: The Dental Health Foundation 1997.

    44.  Lemke CW, Doherty JM, Arra MC.  Controlled fluoridation: the dental effects of discontinuation in Antigo, Wisconsin.  J Am Dent Assoc 1970;80:782-6.

    45.  Stephen KW, McCall DR, Tullis JI. Caries prevalence in northern Scotland before, and  five years after, water defluoridation. Br Dent J 1987;163:324-6.

    46.  Attwood D. Blinkhorn AS.  Dental health in school children 5 years after water fluoridation ceased in south-west Scotland. Int Dent J 1991;41(1):43-8.

    47.  Burt BA, Eklund SA, Loesche WJ. Dental benefits of limited exposure to fluoridated water in childhood. J Dent Res 1986;61(11):1322-5.   | top of page |

    48.  Way RM. The effect on dental caries of a change from a naturally fluoridated to a fluoride-free communal water.  J Dent Child 1964;31:151-7.

    49.  Driscoll WS, Horowitz HS, Meyers RJ, Heifetz SB, Kingman A, Zimmerman ER. Prevalence of dental caries and dental fluorosis in areas with negligible, optimal and above-optimal fluoride concentrations in drinking water.  J Am Dent Assoc 1986;113:29-33.

    50.  Brunelle JA, Carlos JP. Recent trends in dental caries in U.S. children and the effect of water fluoridation.  J Dent Res 1990;69(Spec Iss):723-7.

    51.  Horowitz HS.  The future of water fluoridation and other systemic fluorides.  J Dent Res 1990;69 (Spec Iss):760-4.

    52.  Lewis DW, Banting DW. Water fluoridation: current effectiveness and dental fluorosis.  Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1994;22:153-8.

    53.  Ismail AI.  Prevention of early childhood caries. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1998;26(Suppl 1):49-61.

    54.  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.  Review of fluoride: benefits and risks.  Report of the Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Fluoride.  Washington, DC; February 1991.

    55.  National Institute of Dental Research.  Statement on effectiveness of water fluoridation. Bethesda; December 1989.

    56.  Mitropoulos CM, Langford JW, Robinson DJ. Differences in dental caries experience in 14-year-old children in fluoridated South Birmingham and in Bolton in 1987.  Br Dent J 1988;164:349-50.   | top of page |

    57.  Kaste LM, Selwitz RH, Oldakowski RJ, Brunelle JA, Winn DM, Brown LJ.  Coronal caries in the primary and permanent dentition of children and adolescents 1-17 years of age: United States, 1988-1991. J Dent Res 1996;75(Spec Iss):631-41.

    58.  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.  Toward improving the oral health of americans: an overview of oral status, resources on health care delivery. Report of the United States Public Health Service Oral Health Coordinating Committee.  Washington, DC; March 1993.

    59.  Brown LF, Winn DM, White BA.  Dental caries, restoration and tooth conditions in U.S. adults, 1988-1991. J Am Dent Assoc 1996;127:1315-25.

    60.  Palmer C. Dental spending exceeds $50 billion.  ADA news 1998;29(22):1,30.

    61.  White BA, Antczak-Bouckoms AA, Weinstein MC.  Issues in the economic evaluation of community water fluoridation.  J Dent Educ 1989;53(11):1989.   | top of page |

    62.  Garcia AI.  Caries incidence and costs of prevention programs.  J Public Health Dent 1989;49(5):259-71.

    63.  McGuire S.  A review of the impact of fluoride on adult caries. J Clin Dent 1993;4(1):11-13.

    64.  Grembowski D, Fiset L, Spadafora A. How fluoridation affects adult dental caries: systemic and topical effects are explored.  J Am Dent Assoc 1992;123:49-54.

    65.  Stamm JW, Banting DW, Imrey PB. Adult root caries survey of two similar communities with contrasting natural water fluoride levels. J Am Dent Assoc 1990;120:143-9.

    66.  Newbrun E. Prevention of root caries. Gerodont 1986;5(1):33-41.

    67.  Papas AS, Joshi A, MacDonald SL, Maravelis-Splagounias L, Pretara-Spanedda P, Curro FA. Caries prevalence in xerostomic individuals. J Can Dent Assoc 1993;59(2):171-9.   | top of page |

    68.  Jones JA. Root caries: prevention and chemotherapy.  Am J Dent 1995;8(6):352-7.

    69.  Wiktorsson A, Martinsson T, Zimmerman M.  Salivary levels of lactobacilli, buffer capacity and salivary flow rate related to caries activity among adults in communities with optimal and low water fluoride concentration.  Swed Dent J 1992;16:231-7.

    70.  Anusavice KJ. Treatment regimens in preventive and restorative dentistry.  J Am Dent Assoc 1995;126:727-43.

    71.  Driscoll WS.  The use of fluoride tablets for the prevention of dental caries.  In: International workshop on fluorides and dental caries prevention.  Baltimore, University of Maryland;1974:25-111.

    72.  Aasenden R, Peebles TC. Effects of fluoride supplementation from birth on human deciduous and permanent teeth. Arch Oral Biol 1974;19:321-6.

    73.  Margolis FJ, Reames HR, Freshman E, Macauley CD, Mehaffey H.  Fluoride: ten year prospective study of deciduous and permanent dentition.  Am J Dis Child 1975;129:794-800.   | top of page |

    74.  Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board.  Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, vitamin D and fluoride. Report of the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes.  Washington, DC: National Academy Press; (In press).

    75.  Levy SM.  Review of fluoride exposures and ingestion. Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1994;22:173-80.

    76.  Arnold FA, McClure FJ, White CL.  Sodium fluoride tablets for children. Dental progress 1960;1(1):8-12.

    77.  Newbrun E. Systemic fluorides: an overview. J Can Dent Assoc 1980;1:31-7.

    78.  Marthaler TM, Mejia R, Vines JJ.  Caries-preventive salt fluoridation.  Caries Res 1978;12(Suppl 1):15-21.

    79.  Federation Dentaire Internationale. World fluoridation status. Basic Facts 1990.

    80.  Thomas Reeves, personal communication, July 25, 1997.

    81.  Kunzel W. Systemic use of fluoride-other methods: salt, sugar, milk, etc. Caries Res 1993;27(Suppl 1):16-22.

    82.  World Health Organization.  Fluorides and oral health.  Report of a WHO Expert Committee on Oral Health Status and Fluoride Use. WHO Technical Report Series 846. Geneva; 1994.

    83.  Bergmann KE, Bergmann RL. Salt fluoridation and general health.  Adv Dent Res 1995;9(2):138-43.   | top of page |

    84.  The sixth report of the joint national committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure.  Arch Intern Med 1997;157:2422.

    85.  Pakhomov GN.  Objectives and review of the international milk fluoridation program. Adv Dent Res 1995;9(2):110-1.

    86.  Burt BA, Marthaler TM.  Fluoride tablets, salt fluoridation and milk fluoridation.  In: Fluoride in Dentistry, 2nd ed. Fejerskov O, Ekstand J and Burt B, eds.  Munksgaard, Copenhagen; 1996;291-310.

    87.  Flaitz CM, Hill EM, Hicks MJ. A survey of bottled water usage by pediatric dental patients:  implications for dental health.  Quintessence Int 1989;20(11):847-52.

    88.  Tate WH, Chan JT. Fluoride concentrations in bottled and filtered waters.  Gen Dent 1994;42(4):362-6.

    89.  Brown MD, Aaron G.  The effect of point-of-use conditioning systems on community fluoridated water. Pediatr Dent 1991;13(1):35-8.

    90.  Full CA, Wefel JS.  Water softener influence on anions and cations. Iowa Dent J 1983;69:37-9.

    91.  Robinson SN, Davies EH, Williams B. Domestic water treatment appliances and the fluoride ion. Br Dent J 1991;171:91-3.   | top of page |

    92.  Fluoride, teeth and health. Royal College of Physicians. Pitman Medical, London;1976.

    93.  Johansen E, Taves D, Olsen T, eds.  Continuing evaluation of the use of fluorides.  AAAS Selected Symposium 11. Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press;1979.

    94.  Knox EG.  Fluoridation of water and cancer: a review of the epidemiological evidence. Report of the Working Party. London: Her Majesty's Stationary Office;1985.

    95.  Leone NC, Shimkin MB, Arnold FA, et al. Medical aspects of excessive fluoride in a water supply.  Public Health Rep 1954;69(10):925-36.

    96.  National Research Council.  Health effects of ingested fluoride.  Report of the Subcommittee on Health Effects of Ingested Fluoride. Washington, DC: National Academy Press;1993.   | top of page |

    97.  58 Fed. Reg. 68826, 68827 (Dec. 29, 1993).

    98.  U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.  Facts on the ATSDR toxicological profile for fluorides, hydrogen fluoride, and fluorine.  CDC Atlanta, GA; May 15, 1998.

    99.  American Medical Association. H-440.945 and H-440.972. In: American Medical Association Policy Compendium. Chicago: American Medical Association; 1998:633.637.

    100. Fluoridation and dental health.  World Health Organization (WHA22.30); July 23, 1969.

    101. Hodge HC, Smith FA.  Occupational fluoride exposure. J Occup Med 1977,19:12-39.

    102. Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants. Biologic effects of atmospheric pollutants: fluorides. Washington D.C., National Academy of Sciences 1971:5-9.   | top of page |

    103. Rugg-Gunn AJ.  Nutrition and dental health.  New York: Oxford University Press; 1993.

    104. Whitford GM. The metabolism and toxicity of fluoride, 2nd rev. ed.  Monographs in oral science, Vol. 16.  Basel, Switzerland: Karger;1996.

    105. Kaminsky LS, Mahoney MC, Leach J, Melius J, Miller MJ. Fluoride: benefits and risks of exposure.  Crit Rev Oral Biol Med 1990;1:261-81.

    106. National Academy of Sciences.  Effects of fluorides in animals.  Committee on Animal Nutrition and the Subcommittee on Fluorosis, 1974.

    107. Pendrys DG, Stamm JW.  Relationship of total fluoride intake to beneficial effects and enamel fluorosis. J Dent Res 1990;69(Spec Iss):529-38.

    108. Olson RE, ed.  Fluoride in food and water. Nutr rev 1986;44(7):233-5.

    109. Levey SM, Maurice TJ, Jakobsen JR. Feeding patterns, water sources and fluoride exposures of infants and 1-year-olds.  J Am Dent Assoc 1993;124:65-9.

    110. Barnhart WE, Hiller LK, Leonard GJ, Michaels SE. Dentifrice usage and ingestion among four age groups.  J Dent Res 1974;53(6):1317-22.

    111. Ericsson Y, Forsman B. Fluoride retained from mouthrinses and dentifrices in preschool children.  Caries Res 1969;3:290-9.   | top of page |

    112. Bruun C, Thylstrup A.  Dentifrice usage among Danish children. J Dent Res 1988;67(8):1114-7.

    113. Ekstrand J, Ehmebo M.  Absorption of fluoride from fluoride dentifrices. Caries Res 1980;14:96-102. 

    114. Whitford GM. The physiological and toxicological characteristics of fluoride. J Dent Res 1990;69(Spec Iss):539-49.

    115. Whitford GM. Intake and metabolism of fluoride. Adv Dent Res 1994;8(1):5-14.

    116. Gordon SL, Corbin SB.  Summary of workshop on drinking water fluoridation influence on hip fracture on bone health. Osteoporosis Int 1992;2:109-17.

    117. Suarez-Almazor ME, Flowerdew G, Saunders LD, Soskoline CL, Russell AS. The fluoridation of drinking water and hip fracture hospitalization rates in two Canadian communities.  Am J Public Health 1993;83(5):689-93.   | top of page |

    118. Jacobsen SJ, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ. Hip fracture incidence before and after the fluoridation of the public water supply, Rochester, Minnesota.  Am J Public Health 1993;83(5):743-5.

    119. Karagas MR, Baron JA, Barrett JA, Jacobsen SJ. Patterns of fracture among the United States elderly: geographic and fluoride effects.  Ann Epidemiol 1996;6(3):209-16.

    120. Cauley JA, Murphy PA, Riley TJ, Buhari AM. Effects of fluoridated drinking water on bone mass and fractures: the study of osteoporotic fractures. J Bone Min Res 1995;10(7):1076-86.

    121. Hodge HC.  The safety of fluoride tablets or drops.  In: Continuing evaluation of the use of fluorides. Johansen E, Tavaes DR, Olsen TO, eds.  Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press; 1979:253-75.

    122. Lehmann R, Wapniarz M, Hofman B, Peiper B, Haubitz I, Allolio B. Drinking water fluoridation: bone mineral density and hip fracture incidence. Bone 1998;22(3):273-8.

    123. Jacobsen SJ, Goldberg J, Miles TP, Brody JA, Stiers W, Rimm AA.  Regional variation in the incidence of hip fracture: US white women aged 65 years and older. Am Med Assoc 1990;264(4):500-2.   | top of page |

    124. Jacobsen SJ, Goldberg J, Cooper C, Lockwood SA.  The association between water fluoridation and hip fracture among white women and men aged 65 years and older: a national ecologic study.  Ann Epidemiol 1992;2(5):617-26.

    125. Steven Jacobsen, M.D., Ph.D., personal communication, February 10, 1997.

    126. Phipps KR, Orwoll ES, Bevan L. The association between water-borne fluoride and bone mineral density in older adults. J Dent Res 1998;77(9):1739-48.

    127. Pak CY, Sakhaee K, Adams-Huet B, Piziak V, Peterson RD, Poindexter JR. Treatment of postmenopausal osteoporosis with slow-release sodium fluoride: final report of a randomized controlled trial.  Ann Intern Med 1995;123(6):401-8.

    128. Riggs BL, O'Fallon WM, Lane A, Hodgson SF, Wahner HW, Muhs J, Chao E, Melton LJ III. Clinical trial of fluoride therapy in postmenopausal osteoporotic women: extended observations and additional analysis. J Bone and Min Res 1994;9(2):265-75.

    129. Bucher JR. Hejmancik MR, Toft JD II, Persing RL, Eustis SL, Haseman JK. Results and conclusions of the National Toxicology Program's rodent carcinogenicity studies with sodium fluoride.  Int J Cancer 1991;48:733-7.    | top of page |

    130. Maurer JK, Cheng MC, Boysen BG, Anderson RL. Two-year carcinogenicity study of sodium fluoride in rats.  J Natl Cancer Inst 1990;82:1118-26.

    131. Horowitz HS. Indexes for measuring dental fluorosis.  J Public Health Dentistry 1986;46(4):179-183.

    132. Dean HT. The investigation of physiological effects by the epidemiological method. In: Moulton FR, ed.  Fluorine and dental health. American Association for the Advancement of Science, Publication No. 19. Washington DC;1942:23-31.

    133. Dean HT. Chronic endemic dental fluorosis.  JAMA 1936;107(16):1269-73.

    134. Horowitz HS. Fluoride and enamel defects. Adv Dent Res 1989;3(2):143-6.

    135. Pendrys DG.  Dental fluorosis in perspective.  J Am Dent Assoc 1991;122:63-6.

    136. Levy SM. A review of fluoride intake from fluoride dentifrice.  J Dent Child 1993;60(2):115-24

    137. Stookey GK.  Review of fluorosis risk of self-applied topical fluorides: dentifrices, mouthrinses and gels.  Community Dent Oral Epidemiol 1994;22(3):181-6.

    138. Pendrys DG, Katz RV, Morse DE. Risk factors for enamel fluorosis in a nonfluoridated population.  Am J Epidemiol 1996;143(8):808-15.

    139. Pendrys DG.  Risk of fluorosis in a fluoridated population: implications for the dentist and hygienist. J Am Dent Assoc 1995;126:1617-24.    | top of page |

    140. Hodge HC, Smith FA.  Biological properties of inorganic fluorides. In: Fluorine chemistry.  Simons HH, ed. New York: Academic Press;1965:1-42.

    141. Stevenson CA, Watson AR. Fluoride osteosclerosis. American Journal of Roetgenology, Radium Therapy and Nuclear Medicine 1957;78(1):13-18.

    142. American Cancer Society. A statement on fluoride and drinking water fluoridation by Clark W. Heath, Jr. MD, Vice President of Epidemiology and Surveillance Research of American Cancer Society; February 17, 1998.

    143. Hoover RN, McKay FW, Fraumeni JF.  Fluoridated drinking water and the occurrence of cancer.  J Natl Cancer Inst 1976;57(4):757-68.

    144. Erickson JD. Mortality in selected cities with fluoridated and non-fluoridated water supplies.  New Eng J Med 1978;298(20):1112-6.

    145. Rogot E, Sharrett AR, Feinleib M, Fabsitz RR.  Trends in urban mortality in relation to fluoridation status. Am J Epidemiol 1978;107(2):104-12.

    146. Chilvers C.  Cancer mortality and fluoridation of water supplies in 35 U.S. cities.  Int J Epidemiol 1983;12(4):397-404.

    147. Mahoney MC, Nasca PC, Burnett WS, Melius JM. Bone cancer incidence rates in New York State: time trends and fluoridation drinking water.  Am J Public Health 1991;81(4):475-9.   | top of page |

    148. Cohn PD, New Jersey Department of Health, New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and Energy. An epidemiologic report on drinking water and fluoridation.  Trenton, NJ;1992.

    149. Tohyama E. Relationship between fluoride concentration in drinking water and mortality rate from uterine cancer in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan.  J Epidemiology 1996;6(4):184-190.

    150. Kinlen L.  Cancer incidence in relation to fluoride level in water supplies. Br Dent J 1975;138:221-4. 

    151. Chilvers C, Conway D.  Cancer mortality in England in relation to levels of naturally occurring fluoride in water supplies.  J Epidemiol Comm Health 1985;39:44-7.

    152. Cook-Mozaffari PC, Bulusu L, Doll R. Fluoridation of water supplies and cancer mortality I: a search for an effect in the UK on risk of death from cancer. J Epidemiol Comm Health 1981;35:227-32.

    153. Raman S, Becking G, Grimard M, Hickman JR, McCullough RS, Tate RA. Fluoridation and cancer: an analysis of Canadian drinking water fluoridation and cancer mortality data. Environmental Health Directorate, Health Protection Branch.  Ottawa, Canada: Authority of the Minister of National Health and Welfare;1977.

    154. Richards GA, Ford JM.  Cancer mortality in selected New South Wales localities with fluoridated and non-fluoridated water supplies.  Med J Aust 1979;2:521-3.

    155. International Agency for Research on Cancer. LARC monographs on the evaluation of the carcinogenic risk of chemicals to humans, Vol. 17. Switzerland;1982.

    156. 62 Fed. Reg. 64297 (Dec. 5, 1997)   | top of page |

    157. Clemmesen J. The alleged association between artificial fluoridation of water supplies and cancer: a review.  Bulletin of the World Health Organization 1983;61(5):871-83.

    158. Jenkins G, Venkateswarlu P, Zipkin I.  Physiological effects of small doses of fluoride. In:  Fluorides and human health.  World Health Organization Monograph Series No. 59.  Geneva;1970:163-224.

    159. Challacombe SJ.  Does fluoridation harm immune function? Comm Dent Health 1996;13(Suppl 2):69-71. 

    160. American Academy of Allergy. A statement on the question of allergy to fluoride as used in the fluoridation of community water supplies.  J Allergy Clin Immunol 1971;47(6):347-8.  Statement reaffirmed February 1980.  Available at < GOTOBUTTON BM_1_ http://www.aaaai.org/professional/ physicianreference/positionstatements/ps01.html>. Accessed October 1,1998.

    161. World Health Organization. Fluorine and fluorides: environmental health criteria 36. Geneva, Switzerland;1984.

    162. Schlesinger E. Health studies in areas of the USA with controlled water fluoridation. In:  Fluorides and human health.  World Health Organization Monograph Series No. 59.  Geneva;1970:305-10.    | top of page |

    163. American Dental Association, American Academy of Oral Medicine.  Dental management of the HIV-infected patient.  J Am Dental Assoc 1995;126(Suppl):8.

    164. US Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Dental Disease Prevention Activity. Update of fluoride/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) allegation. Pub. No. FL-133. Atlanta; June 1987.

    165. Kram D, Schneider EL, Singer L, Martin GR. The effects of high and low fluoride diets on the frequencies of sister chromatid exchanges. Mutat res 1978;57:51-5.

    166. Li Y, Dunipace AJ, Stookey GK. Lack of genotoxic effects of fluoride in the mouse bone-marrow micronucleus test. J Dent Res 1987;66(11):1687-90.

    167. Li Y, Dunipace AJ, Stookey GK. Effects of fluoride on the mouse sperm morphology test.  J Dent Res 1987;66(9):1509-11.

    168. Zeiger E, Gulati DK, Kaur P, Mohamed AH, Revazova J, Deaton TG.  Cytogenetic studies of 1994;9(5):467-71.

    169. Li Y, Heerema NA, Dunipace AJ, Stookey GK. Genotoxic effects of fluoride evaluated by sister-chromatid exchange. Mutat Res 1987;192:191-201.

    170. Dunipace AJ, Zhang W, Noblitt TW, Li Y, Stookey GK.  Genotoxic evaluation of chronic fluoride exposure: micronucleus and sperm morphology studies.  J Dent Res 1989;68(11):1525-8.   | top of page |

    171. Li Y, Zhang W, Noblitt TW, Dunipace AJ, Stookey GK.  Genotoxic evaluation of chronic fluoride exposure: sister-chromatid exchange study.  Mut Res 1989;227:159-65.

    172. Obe G, Slacik-Erben R. Suppressive activity by fluoride on the induction of chromosome aberrations in human cells and alkylating agents in vitro. Mutat Res 1973;19:369-71.

    173. Slacik-Erben R, Obe G. The effect of sodium fluoride on DNA synthesis, mitotic indices and chromosomal aberrations in human leukocytes treated with Tremnimon in vitro. Mutat Res 1976;37:253-66.

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