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 42
of the 50 largest cities in the USA are supplied with fluoridated
water.
(
Klein SP, Bohannan HM, Bell RM, Disney JA,
Foch CB, Graves RC. The cost and effectiveness of school-based preventive
dental care. Am J Public Health 1985;75(4):382-91) |
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Two
cities (Jacksonville, Florida, and El Paso, Texas) are naturally
fluoridated.
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States meeting the Healthy People 2000 goal
of 75% of the population served by fluoridated community water
supplies:
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(Data compiled by the American Dental Association and the Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention / Division of Oral Health.) | back to top |
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Fluoride ion level in drinking water (ppm)*
Age |
less than 0.3 ppm |
0.3 - 0.6 ppm |
greater than 0.6 ppm |
Birth - 6 months |
None |
None |
None |
6 months - 3 years |
0.25 mg/day** |
None |
None |
3 - 6 years |
0.50 mg/day |
0.25 mg/day |
None |
6 - 16 years |
1.0 mg/day |
0.50 mg/day |
None |
* One part per million (ppm) = 1 milligram/liter (mg/L)
** 2.2 mg sodium fluoride contains one mg fluoride ion
(American Dental Association, Council on
Access Prevention and Inter professional Relations.
Caries diagnosis and risk assessment: a review of preventive
strategies and management. J Am Dent Assoc. 1995;126(Suppl).
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Food and Nutrition Board
of the Institute of Medicine
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Age Group |
Reference weights kg
(lbs)* |
Adequate Intake (mg/day) |
Tolerable Upper Intake
(mg/day) |
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Infants 0-6 months |
7 (16) |
0.01 |
0.7 |
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Infants 6-12 months |
9 (20) |
0.5 |
0.9 |
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Children 1-3 years |
13 (29) |
0.7 |
1.3 |
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Children 4-8 years |
22 (48) |
1.0 |
2.0 |
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Children 9-13 years |
40 (88) |
2.0 |
10 |
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Boys 14-18 years |
64 (142) |
3.0 |
10 |
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Girls 14-18 years |
57 (125) |
3.0 |
10 |
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Males 19 & over |
76 (166) |
4.0 |
10 |
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Females 19 & over |
61 (133) |
3.0 |
10 |
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*Value base on data collected during part of the Third National
Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III) in the
United States.
( Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition
Board. Dietary reference intakes for calcium, phosphorus,
magnesium, vitamin D and fluoride. Report of the Standing
Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference
Intakes. Washington, DC: National Academy Press;(In press). )
| back to top | |
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Dean HT. The investigation of physiological
effects by the epidemiological method. In: Moulton FR, ed.
Fluorine and dental health. American Association for the Advancement
of Science, Publication No. 19. Washington DC;1942:23-31.
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Classification:
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Criteria - Description of Enamel
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Normal |
Smooth, glossy, pale, creamy-white translucent surface |
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Questionable |
A few white flecks or white spots |
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Very Mild |
Small opaque, paper-white areas covering less than
25% of the tooth surface |
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Mild |
Opaque white areas covering less than 25% of the tooth
surface |
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Moderate |
All tooth surfaces affected; marked wear on biting,
surfaces; brown stain may be present |
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Severe |
All tooth surfaces affected; discrete or confluent
pitting; brown stain present |
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